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Snapshot series 8: Water soluble Vitamins

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Water-soluble vitamins perform a wide range of important functions, including the extraction of energy from food, cell signalling, synthesis of DNA and conduction  of nerve impulses. Water-soluble vitamins comprise nine compounds – vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, C, niacin, folate, biotin and pantothenic acid – distinguished by their chemistry and function. They are required regularly in small amounts in the human diet as they are not stored in the body; excess intake is removed by the kidneys. Symptoms of deficiency may occur if a diet lacks any one of these vitamins.  For example, a diet lacking in vitamin C can lead to the development of scurvy, characterized by impaired wound healing, joint pain, tiredness and shortness of breath; a diet lacking in vitamin B12 may lead to anaemia and degeneration of the spinal cord. It has proved difficult to know exactly how much of each vitamin is required daily to stay healthy. Early experiments (that would be considered unethical...